Michigan Tax Expenditures, Economic Development Incentives and Subsidies (Michigan State Taxes: All of what gets Collected, Appropriated, Spent and How, Should get Measured / Center for Michigan Bridge Magazine)

Michigan good at making tax deals, but results of them aren’t clear 

By Rick Haglund/Bridge Magazine correspondent

DETAILS NOT INCLUDED: While Michigan is good at tracking the overall amount of tax-break deals, say researchers, it’s not so great in showing whether the deals accomplished their stated goals. (courtesy image/used under Creative Commons license)

Michigan gets high marks from some experts on how it reports its billions of dollars in tax breaks to taxpayers and policy-makers.

But it and most other states don’t adequately review the effectiveness of their tax credits, deductions and exemptions, known collectively as tax expenditures, experts say.

“The states could be doing a much better job,” said Michael Leachman, co-author of a 2011 study on tax expenditures by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington, D.C. “It’s very important for states to have a good handle on how they’re spending money in the tax code.”

That’s because tax expenditures in most states, like Michigan, exceed appropriations from their state budgets. These expenditures are, in essence, another form of state spending.

MORE COVERAGE: State government ‘spends’ $30 billion more this year than you think

The CBPP report said states spend “tens, maybe hundreds of billions of dollars” a year in tax expenditures.

But exactly how much money states are spending through credits, deductions and exemptions is unclear, Leachman said. Although most states publish tax expenditures reports, many are incomplete.

Ten states omitted major taxes from their expenditure reports and six others failed to publish a report every two years, according to the CBPP study.

The study found that seven states — Alabama, Alaska, Indiana, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota and Wyoming — did not produce regular tax expenditure reports.

Michigan praised for reports

Michigan was praised by the CBPP for preparing its tax expenditure reports as part of its regular budget. The state also received high marks for reporting expenditures by program and comparing them to direct expenditures in the state budget.

The Legislature passed a law in 1979, requiring the state Treasury Department to produce an annual report on tax expenditures. The reports are online.

But experts say Michigan and most states do a poor job of evaluating the effectiveness of tax expenditures, particularly those related to economic development incentives.

“Michigan hasn’t put in place a comprehensive system to evaluate these incentives,” said Jeff Chapman, a research manager at the Pew Center on the States. “No state has really put the pieces together.”

A Pew study last year ranked Michigan among 12 states it said had “mixed results” in assessing the value of economic development tax incentives.

Michigan replaced its business tax credit program last year with grants and loans funded by state appropriations. But the state has not done an evaluation of the effectiveness of the new program.

While Michigan has shifted its economic incentives program from tax credits to a grant program, it still has more than $ 1 billion worth of business tax credits outstanding from the Michigan Economic Growth Authority program.

Michigan goes big with ‘megadeals’

Michigan has subsidized more “megadeals”— projects that cost state and local governments at least $75 million each — than almost any other state over the past 35 years, according to a new study by Good Jobs First, which tracks state economic development subsidies.

The state has spent $7.1 billion on 29 such deal, according to the report. The only state that spent more was New York, which spent $11.4 billion on 23 “megadeals.”

About $6.4 billion of Michigan’s tax expenditure spending went to just three companies — General Motors Co., Ford Motor Co. and Chrysler Group LLC, according to the Good Jobs First report.

The tax expenditures were largely for investment projects and were designed to keep the automakers from leaving the state. They are still collecting benefits from those tax breaks.

But the companies have collectively shed hundreds of thousands of jobs over the past three decades.

“We have spent billions on tax expenditures to diversify our economy,” said Mitch Bean*, the retired director of the state House Fiscal Agency. “What have we gotten from it? We still have the ninth highest unemployment rate in the country.”

Michigan’s experience shows states need to do a better job of ensuring that their spending from tax expenditures is effective, experts say.

Oregon’s economic development tax credits sunset every six years, requiring action from that state’s legislature to extend them. And Iowa puts caps on certain credits.

Some say those measures, plus a periodic, thorough analysis of tax expenditures should be done to ensure that taxpayers’ money is being spent wisely.

“You have to go beyond just doing a report,” Leachman said. “In most states, once you get a tax break on the books, it never gets looked at again unless, for some reason, it attracts controversy.”

*Bean is a member of the Bridge Board of Advisers.

Rick Haglund has had a distinguished career covering Michigan business, economics and government at newspapers throughout the state. Most recently, at Booth Newspapers he wrote a statewide business column and was one of only three such columnists in Michigan. He also covered the auto industry and Michigan’s economy extensively.